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How Apple created two giants

Matthew Griffin

To understand Samsung’s rise to dominance we have to go back to the turn of the new millennium when Apple released their first generation iPod in 2001, quickly followed by the iTunes store in 2002. Consequently Apple was determined to outsource both of these areas of operation from the outset.

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6 Reasons Platforms Fail

Harvard Business Review

Studying these successes and failures, we’ve identified half a dozen key reasons platforms fail, all of which boil down to managers’ misunderstanding of how platforms operate and compete. Steve Jobs failed miserably at managing openness at Apple in the 1980s. Failure to engage developers. Insight Center.

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7 Tips for Managing Freelancers and Independent Contractors

Harvard Business Review

But the rules and expectations are different when you’re managing a freelancer who isn’t fully employed by your company. Many managers assume that they don’t need to tend to freelancers as much as they do regular employees—and there’s some truth to that, says Dan Pink, author of Free Agent Nation and Drive.

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The Real Reason Superstar Firms Are Pulling Ahead

Harvard Business Review

Industries with a higher share of IT workers saw more concentration between 2002 and 2007, even after controlling for M&A activity and several other variables. They document that physical investment (machines, factories, equipment) has declined relative to intangible investment (software, data, employee training, management).

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How Software Is Helping Big Companies Dominate

Harvard Business Review

Research by one of us (James) links this trend to software. Even outside of the tech sector, the employment of more software developers is associated with a greater increase in industry concentration, and this relationship appears to be causal. The business model was to write the software and then sell licenses to publishers.

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What GM’S Layoffs Reveal About the Digitalization of the Auto Industry

Harvard Business Review

Likewise, where mechanical engineers once predominated, the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are increasingly looking for software engineers, energy management experts, and data scientists able to build electric and self-driving vehicles.